사진/ 백악관 홈페이지 사진갤러리 (지난 10월 29일 경주에서 열린 APEC 행사당시 열린 한미정상회담에서 트럼프 대통령과 이재명 대통령이 악수하고 있다.)

도널드 트럼프 미국 대통령과 이재명 대한민국 대통령은 10월 29일 경주에서 정상회담을 갖고, 한미동맹을 “평화와 번영의 핵심축”으로 재확인하며 포괄적 경제·안보 협력 강화를 담은 공동팩트시트를 13일(목) 백악관을 통해 발표했다.

이번 한미 정상회담 공동팩트시트는 ▲3,500억 달러 규모의 전략산업 투자 ▲상호 15% 상한 관세 체계 ▲연간 200억 달러 외환 상한 ▲국방비 3.5% 증액 계획 ▲한미·한미일 안보 공조 강화 ▲핵잠수함 개발 승인 등 포괄적 합의를 담았다. 양국은 이를 “한미동맹의 새로운 장”으로 규정하며, 경제·안보 전 영역에서의 전략적 연계를 강화해 나가기로 했다.

‘한미 전략통상투자협정’ 3,500억 달러 규모… 조선·반도체·에너지 핵심

양국 정상은 지난 7월 발표된 ‘한미 전략통상투자협정(The Korea Strategic Trade and Investment Deal)’을 공식 재확인했다.   협정에는 ▲조선 ▲에너지 ▲반도체 ▲의약 ▲핵심광물 ▲인공지능·양자컴퓨팅 등 전략산업 분야에 걸친 한국의 대미 투자 계획이 포함됐다.

이번 합의로 미국 정부의 승인을 받은 1,500억 달러 규모의 한국 조선산업 투자가 ‘승인투자’로 확정됐으며, 추가로 2,000억 달러 규모의 전략적 투자 양해각서(MOU) 체결이 연내 서명될 예정이다.   미국은 이에 따라 한국산 원산지 제품에 대해 한미 FTA 또는 최혜국대우(MFN) 관세율 중 높은 수준, 또는 15%의 상호관세율을 적용한다. 또 한국산 자동차·목재 등 232조 관세를 15%로 인하하고, 제약·반도체 관련 품목에 대해서도 최대 15% 이내로 제한한다.

조선·원자력 협력 확대… 핵추진 잠수함 건조 승인

미국은 한국의 미국 내 조선소 투자와 인력양성 계획을 환영하고, 한국의 민수·해군 원자력 프로그램 확대를 지원하기로 했다. 양국은 조선산업 현대화, 정비·수리(MRO), 공급망 회복력 강화를 위한 협의체를 구성하고, 미국 내 선박 건조에 한국 참여 가능성을 검토하기로 했다. 또한 양국은 원자력 협정을 기반으로 한국의 평화적 우라늄 농축 및 사용후핵연료 재처리 절차를 지지했으며, 미국은 한국의 핵추진 공격잠수함 건조를 공식 승인했다.

외환시장 안정 조항… 연간 200억 달러 상한 설정

양국은 이번 협정 이행 과정에서 외환시장 불안이 발생하지 않도록 ‘시장 안정화 조항’을 신설했다. 이에 따라 한국은 연간 200억 달러를 초과하는 미달러 자금 조달 의무를 지지 않으며, 시장매수 이외의 방식을 통해 외환 수급을 조정하기로 했다. 필요 시 시장 불안이 감지될 경우 양측이 협의해 자금 조달 시기와 규모를 조정할 수 있다.

한미 기업 간 대규모 투자 및 상호시장 진출 확대

이재명 대통령과 트럼프 대통령은 한국 기업들의 1,500억 달러 규모 대미 투자 발표를 환영하고, 투자 촉진을 위해 정부 차원의 지원을 약속했다. 또한 대한항공은 GE 항공엔진이 장착된 보잉 항공기 103대(총 360억 달러 규모)를 신규 구매하기로 합의했다. 이로써 대한항공의 2025년 기준 보잉 항공기 총 발주량은 150대를 넘어설 전망이다.

아울러 ‘바이 아메리카 인 서울(Buy America in Seoul)’ 이니셔티브를 통해 미국 중소기업을 포함한 기업들이 서울에서 매년 전시회를 열어 미국산 제품의 대한 수출을 촉진하는 협력 프로그램도 신설된다.

상호무역 촉진… 비관세장벽 해소 및 공정경쟁 제도 강화

양국은 상호호혜적 무역 증진을 위한 비관세장벽 해소 방안을 마련하고, 연말까지 한미 자유무역협정(KORUS FTA) 공동위원회를 통해 실행계획을 채택하기로 했다.

한국은 미국산 자동차의 연간 5만대 무관세 수입 상한을 폐지하고, 미국 환경기준 인증 서류 외 추가 제출을 요구하지 않기로 했다. 또한 농식품 무역에 관한 규제 간소화, 유전자변형 농산물 승인절차 개선, 미국 원예·축산물 시장 접근 확대 등을 추진한다. 디지털 서비스와 데이터 이전 관련해 양국은 기업 차별 방지, 온라인 플랫폼 규제 완화, 국경 간 데이터 이동 촉진, 전자전송물 관세 영구 유예를 지지하기로 합의했다. 한국은 경쟁법 절차에서 ‘변호사-의뢰인 비밀유지권’을 인정하고, 특허법조약(PLT) 가입을 위한 절차도 진행한다.

경제안보 및 공급망 협력 강화

트럼프 대통령과 이재명 대통령은 공급망 회복력 강화를 위해 경제안보 공조를 심화하기로 했다. 양국은 불공정 무역행위와 비시장적 정책에 공동 대응하고, 투자심사제도를 개선해 상호 투자를 촉진하기로 했다.

한미동맹 현대화… 방위비 증액 및 확장억제 강화

미국은 주한미군(USFK) 주둔 지속을 통해 한국 방위공약을 재확인했다. 또한 핵을 포함한 모든 역량을 활용한 확장억제 제공 의지를 명시하고, ‘핵협의그룹(Nuclear Consultative Group)’을 통한 협의 강화에 합의했다. 이 대통령은 국방비를 국내총생산(GDP)의 3.5% 수준으로 조속히 확대하겠다는 계획을 밝히고, 2030년까지 미국산 무기 250억 달러 구매 및 주한미군 지원금 330억 달러 제공 계획을 제시했다.

한반도 및 인도·태평양 지역 협력 강화

양국 정상은 북한의 완전한 비핵화와 한반도의 평화·안정 유지를 위한 공조를 재확인했다. 또한 2018년 싱가포르 미·북 공동성명 이행을 위해 협력하고, 북한의 대량살상무기 및 탄도미사일 프로그램 폐기를 촉구했다. 한·미·일 3국 협력도 강화하기로 합의했으며, 대만해협의 평화와 현상유지 중요성을 재확인했다.

다음은 백악관 홈페이지에 공개된 한미양국 공동 팩트 시트 원문이다

President Lee Jae Myung of the Republic of Korea (ROK) welcomed President Donald J. Trump of the United States of America (United States or U.S.) for a State Visit to ROK on October 29. This marks the first time in Korean history that a State Visit has been hosted in Gyeongju and follows on the two leaders’ first meeting in Washington on August 25. Notably, it is also the first time that the ROK has welcomed the same leader for a second state visit.

In light of President Trump’s historic 2024 victory and President Lee’s election demonstrating the ROK’s democratic strength and resilience, they declared a new chapter in the U.S.-ROK Alliance, the linchpin for peace, security and prosperity on the Korean Peninsula and in the Indo-Pacific region.

REBUILDING AND EXPANDING CRITICAL INDUSTRIES:  President Trump and President Lee reaffirmed the historic announcement in July of The Korea Strategic Trade and Investment deal, which reflects the strength and endurance of the U.S.-ROK Alliance.

• Both leaders welcome Korean investments in various sectors to advance economic and national security interests, including but not limited to shipbuilding, energy, semiconductors, pharmaceuticals, critical minerals, and artificial intelligence/quantum computing.
• This deal includes $150 billion of Korean investment in the shipbuilding sector approved by the United States, which is referred to as the Approved Investments.
• This deal also includes $200 billion of additional Korean investment committed pursuant to the Memorandum of Understanding with respect to Strategic Investments (MOU), which is expected to be signed by representatives of the United States and ROK.
• The United States will apply the higher of either the U.S.-Korea Free Trade Agreement (“KORUS FTA”) or U.S. Most Favored Nation (“MFN”) tariff rate, as applicable, or a tariff rate of 15 percent on originating goods of the ROK, for purposes of the reciprocal tariff provided under Executive Order 14257 of April 2, 2025, as amended.
• The United States will reduce its Section 232 sectoral tariffs on automobiles, auto parts, timber, lumber, and wood derivatives of the ROK to 15 percent. For such products of the ROK with a KORUS FTA or MFN tariff rate, as applicable, equal to or greater than 15 percent, no additional Section 232 tariff shall apply. For such products of the ROK with a KORUS FTA or MFN tariff, as applicable, less than 15 percent, the sum of the KORUS FTA or MFN tariff and the additional Section 232 tariff shall be 15 percent.
• For any Section 232 tariffs imposed on pharmaceuticals, the United States intends to apply to originating goods of the ROK a Section 232 tariff rate no greater than 15 percent.
• For any Section 232 tariffs imposed on semiconductors (including semiconductor manufacturing equipment), the United States intends to provide terms for such Section 232 tariffs on Korea that are no less favorable than terms that may be offered in a future agreement covering a volume of semiconductor trade at least as large as Korea’s, as determined by the United States.
• The United States intends to remove supplemental tariffs imposed pursuant to Executive Order 14257 of April 2, 2025, as amended for certain products identified on the list of Potential Tariff Adjustments for Aligned Partners, such as generic pharmaceuticals, generic pharmaceutical ingredients, generic pharmaceutical chemical precursors, and certain natural resources unavailable in the United States. The United States will also remove tariffs on certain aircraft and parts of the ROK from the tariffs imposed pursuant to Executive Order 14257, as amended, by Proclamation 9704, as amended, Proclamation 9705, as amended, and Proclamation 10962.

FOREIGN EXCHANGE MARKET STABILITY:  The United States and the ROK, in connection with their respective commitments included in the MOU, have thoroughly discussed the potential impact of the MOU on the foreign exchange market stability of the ROK. They have reached a mutual understanding that commitments in the MOU shall not be allowed to give rise to market instability. As trusted partners, the two nations agree that the ROK shall not be required to fund an aggregate amount of U.S. dollars greater than $20 billion in any calendar year.  The ROK will use its best efforts, to the greatest extent possible, to source the U.S. dollars through means other than market purchases so as to minimize any potential impact on the market. Should it appear that the fulfillment of the commitments in the MOU may cause market instability, such as disorderly movements of Korean won, the ROK may request an adjustment in the amount and timing of the funding, and the United States will, in good faith, give due consideration to such request.

ENHANCING COMMERCIAL TIES:  The two leaders welcomed a series of commercial commitments in strategic sectors, reflecting the confidence of the private sector in the strong bilateral economic partnership.

• The two leaders welcomed the announcement in August by ROK companies of foreign direct investments in the United States totaling $150 billion during President Trump’s term. Both countries will use their best efforts to facilitate these investments.
• The two leaders welcomed the announcement by Korean Air (KAL) in August of a purchase order of 103 Boeing aircraft powered by GE Aerospace engines. The Boeing commitment is valued at U.S. $36 billion and will include a mix of Boeing 737 MAX jets, 787 Dreamliners, and 777X passenger and freighters, bringing KAL’s total order in 2025 to more than 150 Boeing airplanes.
• The United States and the ROK welcome the Buy America in Seoul initiative, whereby the ROK, in collaboration with the State Governments, will organize an annual exhibition featuring U.S. companies, including Small and Medium-sized Enterprises, to promote the export of U.S. goods into Korea.

PROMOTING RECIPROCAL TRADE:  The two leaders recognized that the recently announced deal reflects a common goal to increase mutually beneficial trade and investment. In the spirit of the deal, the United States and the ROK will address non-tariff barriers and memorialize commitments and a plan of action to promote reciprocal trade, to be adopted by the KORUS Joint Committee before the end of the year. This will include but not be limited to the following:

• The ROK will eliminate the 50,000-unit cap on U.S.-originating Federal Motor Vehicle Safety Standards (FMVSS)-compliant vehicles that can enter the ROK without further modifications.  The ROK will also reduce regulatory burdens for U.S. automotive exports by not requiring additional documentation in its emissions certification process other than those submitted to U.S certification authorities.
• The ROK will work together with the United States to address non-tariff barriers affecting trade in food and agricultural products, including by: ensuring that existing commitments under bilateral agreements and protocols are met; streamlining the regulatory approval process for agricultural biotechnology products and resolving the backlog of U.S. applications; establishing a U.S. Desk dedicated to requests for U.S. horticultural products; and preserving market access for U.S. meats and cheeses that use certain terms.
• The United States and the ROK commit to ensure that U.S. companies are not discriminated against and do not face unnecessary barriers in terms of laws and policies concerning digital services, including network usage fees and online platform regulations, and to facilitate cross-border transfer of data, including for location, reinsurance, and personal data. Further, the United States and the ROK will support the permanent moratorium on customs duties on electronic transmissions at the World Trade Organization.
• The ROK commits to provide additional procedural fairness provisions in competition proceedings, including the recognition of attorney-client privilege.
• The United States and the ROK will work together to protect intellectual property rights. The ROK will continue to take the necessary steps to accede to the Patent Law Treaty.
• The United States and the ROK commit to work together to ensure strong protection of internationally-recognized labor rights. The United States and the ROK will work together to combat all forms of forced labor globally, including by combatting the importation of goods made with forced labor.
• The United States and the ROK reaffirm the importance of ensuring differences in environmental protection do not distort trade and investment. To this end, the ROK will effectively enforce its environmental laws to facilitate reciprocal trade, including by fully implementing the WTO Agreement on Fisheries Subsidies.

PROTECTING ECONOMIC PROSPERITY:  The two leaders acknowledged the need to strengthen economic and national security alignment in order to preserve our competitiveness and maintain secure supply chains. This includes cooperation to combat duty evasion and taking complementary actions to address unfair and non-market policies and practices, enhancing inbound investment and outbound investment regulations, and both countries will ensure that international procurement obligations provide a benefit to those countries that have taken on the same commitments.

MODERNIZING THE U.S.-ROK ALLIANCE:  The United States underscored its commitment to the defense of the ROK through the enduring presence of the U.S. Forces Korea (USFK).

• The United States reaffirmed its pledge to provide extended deterrence, leveraging the full range of its capabilities, including nuclear. The two leaders committed to strengthening cooperation through consultation mechanisms including the Nuclear Consultative Group.
• President Lee shared the ROK’s plan to increase its defense spending to 3.5% of GDP as soon as possible in accordance with ROK legal requirements, which President Trump welcomed.
• The ROK also committed to spending $25 billion on U.S. military equipment purchases by 2030, and shared its plan to provide comprehensive support for U.S. Forces Korea amounting to $33 billion in accordance with ROK legal requirements.
• The two leaders committed to continue alliance cooperation toward the transition of wartime operational control.  With the support of the United States, the ROK pledged to accelerate efforts to strengthen its military capabilities necessary to lead the combined conventional defense against the Democratic People’s Republic of Korea (DPRK). These include acquisition of advanced U.S. weapons systems and expansion of bilateral defense industrial cooperation, including in high-tech weapons systems.
• The United States and the ROK will enhance U.S. conventional deterrence posture against all regional threats to the Alliance, including the DPRK. The two sides affirm relevant understandings since 2006. Both sides will continue close consultation and report the progress on implementation to their leadership.
• The United States and the ROK pledged to expand cooperation in cyberspace and outer space. The two leaders also reaffirmed their intention to continue working together on AI in the military domain.

COORDINATING ON KOREAN PENINSULA AND REGIONAL ISSUES: The two leaders committed to peace, security, and prosperity both on the Korean Peninsula and in the Indo-Pacific region.

• The two leaders reiterated their commitment to the complete denuclearization of the DPRK and peace and stability on the Korean Peninsula, and pledged to work together to implement the Joint Statement of the 2018 U.S.-DPRK Singapore Summit.
• Both leaders agreed to coordinate closely on DPRK policy and called on the DPRK to return to meaningful dialogue and abide by its international obligations, including by abandoning its weapons of mass destruction (WMD) and ballistic missile programs.
• The two leaders committed to strengthen the trilateral partnership with Japan.
• The two leaders reaffirmed efforts to uphold freedoms of navigation and overflight and other lawful uses of the sea. They reaffirmed that the maritime claims of all nations should comply with the international law of the sea.
• They emphasized the importance of preserving peace and stability across the Taiwan Strait. They encouraged the peaceful resolution of cross-Strait issues and opposed unilateral changes to the status quo.

FURTHERING OUR MARITIME AND NUCLEAR PARTNERSHIP:  The United States welcomed the ROK’s commitment to contribute to modernizing and expanding the capacity of American shipbuilding industries, including through investments in U.S. shipyards and America’s workforce.  The ROK welcomed the United States’ support for the ROK’s civil and naval nuclear power programs.

• Both countries committed to collaborate further through a shipbuilding working group, including on maintenance, repair, and overhaul, workforce development, shipyard modernization, and supply chain resilience.
• These initiatives will increase the number of U.S. commercial ships and combat-ready U.S. military vessels as quickly as possible, including the potential construction of U.S. vessels in the ROK.
• Consistent with the bilateral 123 agreement and subject to U.S. legal requirements, the United States supports the process that will lead to the ROK’s civil uranium enrichment and spent fuel reprocessing for peaceful uses.
• The United States has given approval for the ROK to build nuclear-powered attack submarines. The United States will work closely with the ROK to advance requirements for this shipbuilding project, including avenues to source fuel.

안미향 기자 amiangs0210@gmail.com