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서부 텍사스에서 홍역이 확산하자 전문가들은 백신접종을 통해 발병을 예방해야 한다고 경고했다. 텍사스 보건당국은 지난 11일(화) 텍사스 게인즈 카운티에서 24명의 홍역환자가 확인됐다고 발표했다. 당국에 따르면 게인즈 카운티는 백신접종률이 가장 낮은 곳으로 이번에 홍역에 감염된 환자들 모두 백신을 접종하지 않았다. 24명의 발병환자중 9명은 입원치료를 받아야 할 정도인 것으로 알려졌다.
서부 텍사스에서 홍역이 확산되자 존스홉킨스 대학교의 감염병 전문의이자 선임 연구원인 아메시 아달자(Amesh Adalja) 박사는 “이런 상황이 발생한 것은 매우 우려스러운 일이라며 완전히 예방가능한 질병인 홍역이 다시 창궐한 것은 백신에 대한 불신때문일 것”이라며 “홍역이 발병한 지역은 텍사스에서 백신 접종률이 가장 낮은 것도 이를 보여주는 것”이라고 지적했다.
아달자 박사는 홍역은 여전히 위험한 질병이라는 점을 상기해야 한다고 경고한다. 그는 “홍역은 인간에게 알려진 가장 강력한 전염병으로 홍역이 다시 발병, 확산한다는 것은 백신 접종률에 허점이 있다는 신호일 수 있다. 따라서 백신을 맞으면 홍역은 충분히 막을 수 있다”고 말했다.
홍역백신(MMR 백신)은 매우 효과적인 것으로 알려져 있다. 전문의들은 “정상적인 면역체계를 가진 사람이 접종을 완료하면 홍역에 걸릴 위험히 없다”고 설명한다.
홍역 관련 연구에 따르면 MMR 백신 1회 접종 시 홍역 예방 효과는 93%, 2회 접종 시 97%까지 증가한다. 또한, 1971년 처음 도입된 MMR 백신은 다른 백신과 함께 안전하게 접종할 수 있다.
백신 접종률 감소… 미국 내 전염병 재확산 우려
현재 미국에서는 최소 10개 주에서 백신 접종률이 감소하고 있어, 집단 면역(herd immunity)이 위태로워지고 있다는 진단이 나온다.
텍사스뿐만 아니라 플로리다주의 일부 학교(브로워드 카운티 초등학교 등)에서도 홍역이 발병했다. 미국 질병통제예방센터(CDC)에 따르면, 플로리다 유치원생들의 백신 접종률은 88.1%로 수십 년 만에 최저치를 기록했다.
플로리다 대학교 소아과 교수인 제프리 골드하겐(Jeffrey Goldhagen) 박사는 CBS 뉴스와 인터뷰에서 “백신접종률 90%는 충분하지 않다. 이정도로는 백신으로 예방할 수 있는 질병이라해도 확산위험이 있다”며 “백신 접종률이 떨어지면 홍역감염 아동이 증가하게 되고 더 나아가 홍역의 유행성 발병이 일어나고 결국 소아마비(Polio)까지 다시 등장할 수 있다”고 경고했다.
홍역의 증상 및 합병증
홍역의 초기 증상은 미국에서 흔한 바이러스 감염과 유사하며 다음과 같다.
- 발열(Fever)
- 기침(Cough)
- 콧물(Runny nose)
- 충혈된 눈(Red eyes)
증상이 나타난 지 몇 일이 지나면, 입 안에 작은 흰색 반점이 생기고, 얼굴에 발진이 나타난 후 온몸으로 퍼진다. 대부분의 환자는 시간이 지나면서 회복되지만 심각한 합병증을 초래할 수 있다. 홍역에 걸린 백신 미접종자의 5명 중 1명은 입원이 필요한 상태까지 악화될 수 있고 1,000명 중 1명은 뇌염으로 인한 뇌손상이 발생한다. 또 1000명중 최대 3명이 사망에 이르기도 한다.
따라서 홍역과 같은 백신으로 예방 가능한 질병의 확산을 막기 위해서는 백신 접종률을 높이고, 지역사회 면역력을 유지하는 것이 중요하다고 전문가들은 강조하고 있다.
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