사진/ CNN (Red dye No. 3 is found in some candy, food and beverage products./ Credit: Miguel Sotomayor/Moment RF/Getty Images/File)
미국 식품의약국(FDA)이 동물 실험에서 암과의 연관성이 발견된 지 30년 이상 된 식용 레드 색소 No. 3 사용을 금지했다.
석유에서 화학적으로 추출한 에리스로신(erythrosine)으로 알려진 이 합성 색소는 식품과 음료에 밝은 체리 레드 색상을 만드는데 사용되어 왔다.
이번 금지 조치는 2022년 11월, 과학 공익 센터(Center for Science in the Public Interest)와 환경 실무 그룹(Environmental Working Group) 등 여러 시민단체와 개인이 제출한 청원에 따른 것으로 암과의 연관성을 이유로 해당 색소의 금지를 촉구해왔다.
캘리포니아는 지난 2021년 캘리포니아 환경보건위험평가국(Office of Environmental Health Hazard Assessment)은 레드 색소 No. 3이 아이들의 주의력 저하와 같은 행동 문제를 유발할 수 있다고 보고 적극적인 연구를 진행, 최종적으로 2023년 10월 사용금지를 결정했다.
하지만 FDA는 레드 색소 No. 3이 1969년 동물 실험을 기반으로 한 것으로 인간에게 위험을 초래하는 영향을 미미한 수준이라며 사용금지 결정을 미뤄왔다. 그러나 레드 색소 No. 3의 안전성과 관련해 2012년 보고서를 포함한 여러 연구에서 문제제기가 꾸준히 이어져졌다. 연구 보고서에는 해당 첨가물이 동물에서 암을 유발한다는 연관성을 발견했고 인공 식품 색소가 주의력결핍 과잉행동장애(ADHD)의 주요 원인은 아니지만 일부 사례에서 상당히 기여하며, 어떤 경우에는 진단 임계치를 넘기도록 영향을 미칠 수 있다고 결론짓고 최종 사용금지를 결정했다.
레드 색소 No. 3는 수십 가지 이상의 사탕, 식품, 음료 제품에서 발견되지만 일부 인기 브랜드는 이미 이 첨가물을 사용하지 않거나 사용을 자체적으로 중단했다. 하지만 여전히 많은 사탕류에 레드 색소 No. 3이 포함되어 있어 주의가 필요하다.
FDA에 따르면 레드 No. 3를 사용하고 있는 식품 및 경구 약물을 제조하는 기업들은 각각 2027년 1월 15일과 2028년 1월 18일까지 제품을 재구성해야 하며 미국으로 수입되는 식품도 금지 규정을 준수해야 한다.
하버드 T.H. 챈 공중보건대학의 영양학 부교수인 제럴드 맨드(Jerold Mande) 박사는 “FDA의 이번 조치는 매우 늦었지만 옳은 방향으로 나아가는 작은 한 걸음이며, 식품 산업이 만드는 수많은 장벽에도 불구하고 FDA가 본연의 역할을 수행하려는 새로운 노력을 보여주기를 바란다”고 밝혔다.
환경 실무 그룹의 공동 설립자이자 회장인 켄 쿡(Ken Cook)은 보도 자료에서 이번 결정을 소비자 건강과 안전을 위한 “획기적인 승리”라고 평가했다. 그는 “수십 년 전에 이 싸움을 소비자를 대신해 시작한 마이클 제이콥슨(Michael Jacobson) 같은 공중 보건 챔피언들의 끈질긴 리더십 없이는 오늘 이 역사적인 결정을 축하할 수 없었을 것”이라고 말했다.
PEEPS로 잘 알려진 Just Born은 2024년 부활절 이후 레드 색소 No. 3 사용을 중단했다고 밝혔다.
일부 기업은 대안으로 레드 색소 No. 40을 사용하고 있습니다. 이 색소는 동물 실험에서 암과의 연관성이 비교적 적어 더 건강한 대안으로 여겨진다.
그러나 캘리포니아는 2023년 9월, 공립학교에서 판매되는 음식과 음료에 사용된 레드 No. 40을 금지했다. 이는 아동의 행동 및 주의력 문제와의 연관성 우려 때문이다.
한 연구에서는 레드 No. 40 색소가 쥐에서 면역계 종양의 성장을 가속화할 가능성을 보여줬으며 다른 연구에서는 이 색소가 벤젠(암 유발 물질로 알려짐)을 포함하고 있다고 지적하기도 했다.
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